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CNAME is an abbreviation for “canonical name.” A Web address isn't really a real address, it is a domain name that can be expressed in several ways. The canonical name is the definitive expression of a domain name, the format declared as the actual name. The real address for the canonical name has to be recorded and made available to any application attempting to visit that domain. That address is called the IP address. 

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IP Address
Computers contacting each other through the Internet use addresses rather than names. The Internet is defined by the Internet Layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. The Internet Layer provides addressing and routing methods that make an interconnected collection of private networks into a unified whole. The Internet Protocol is the main standard within the Internet Layer, and this defines the addressing system for the Internet. That format is the IP address, where “IP” stands for Internet Protocol.

Domain Names
Domain names have three parts: sub-domain, domain name proper and domain. In “www.eranet.com,” the www is the sub-domain, “eranet” is the main part of the domain name and “com” is the domain. The domain name space is split between different domains, each of which is the responsibility of a different organization. That organization must ensure that all domain names within the domain is unique. The organization must also keep track of each name issued by maintaining a database. These organizations are called domain name registries. The “www” part is the standard domain name. A domain name can be used without a sub-domain, so “www.eranet.com” and “eranet.com” point to the same location.

Canonical Names
Search engines try to block a crowding trick that some sites use to try to fill up search results pages with listings for those sites, using several names. Although “www.eranet.com” and “eranet.com” genuinely are the same site, search engines treat these as two different addresses and it penalizes sites where it finds the same content at two different addresses. To avoid being demoted or blocked, websites are encouraged to redirect all variations on the name to one definitive name, which is recommended as the “eranet.com” version.

Domain Name System
The mapping between domain names and IP addresses occurs in databases maintained by the domain name registries. These databases form the Domain Name System, or DNS. Following the guidelines of the search engines, websites should mark the canonical name of the site with an “A” record in the DNS database. Only this entry should map to the IP address. All other addresses, including the “www” version, are mapped to the canonical name with a CNAME record. The IP address is the true address of a website, and a CNAME record is the mapping to another mapping of that address.